LESSON 1
Hello everybody :D Ximopanolti! (welcome!) So, I promised I was going to start uploading the Nahuatl course this week, and here it is. I decided the source language will be English. I know some Spanish speaking people want to learn as well, but most (or all) of them speak English, and there are several users who are not Spanish speakers who also want to learn, so I think this is the most practical way to do it, I hope nobody minds.
All right, so as the oh great Wikipedia correctly says:
"Nahuatl ['na?.wat??] (stress being on the first syllable) is a group of related languages and dialects of the Nahuan (traditionally called "Aztecan") branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Collectively they are spoken by an estimated 1.5 million Nahua people, most of whom live in Central Mexico."
Now, there are many variants of Nahuatl, but most of them are mutually intelligible. The one we are going to learn here, is the one spoken in Mexico City and Estado de México, the way it is written in most books nowadays, the way it is officially taught by the government of Mexico City, using the notes I took in a class given by professor Galdino García, a native Nahuatl speaker, my teacher. Let’s begin with the alphabet.
Nowadays we use the Latin alphabet to write Nahuatl, but not all the letters are used, obviously. Most letters have the same value they have in Spanish, it’s quite simple:
A - /a/
C - /k/ /s/
E - /e/
H - /h/
I - /i/
L - /l/
M - /m/
N - /n/
O - /?/
P - /p/
Q - /k/
T - /t/
U - /u/
X - /?/
Y - /j/
Z - /s/
• Most of the time the stress is on the last but one syllable of the word, the penultimate.
• “LL” is pronounced as one strong “L”
• “CH” is pronounced as in “CHeek”
• H is almost as in English, especially when it is before a consonant. But other times it is not even pronounced, just as in Spanish.
• When "TL" is at the end of the word, it is non-voiced, that means it sounds just like a click.
Here we have a list of random words to start with, each with its meaning, just to get a bit more familiar with the language:
Tlalli - earth
Tochtli - rabbit
Tzontli - hair
Tetl - stone
Tzictli – chewing gum
Choca – to cry/he or she cries
Tzatza – deaf
Occepa – one more time
Xochitl – flower
Xonacatl - onion
Xitomatl – tomato
Caxtolli – fifteen
Axaxapo – fig tree
Axcahua - rich
Maxtlatl - loincloth
Xictli - navel
Texcalli – rock, crag
Aic - never
Mixtli - cloud
Xalli - sand
Texocotl – mexican hawthorne
Axcan – today, now
Quema - yes
Texalli - gravel
Tixtli – dough, pastry
Caxitl - casserole
Xipano – come in!
Xococ - sour
Xoxolochtic - wrinkled
Tlazohcamati – thank you
So this was the first lesson. I will post the second one later this week. Take care
ESSON 2
Hello :D , welcome to the second lesson of the Nahuatl course. I want to say thank you to everybody who is following it.
So, this time we are going to learn greetings. You are going to see some grammar that we won’t explain right away. This is just to give you the tools to greet and all, and we will get into the grammar later.
Tetlapaloliztli = Greeting
Let’s start with “Ximopanolti”, which means “welcome”, as I used it in the very first line of the first lesson.
Now, there is no standard word to say just “hello” in Nahuatl, it depends on the region, and maybe the person you are talking to. But many texts are using “Niltze” as some kind of standard now, and I personally like to use that one as well. Another standard way to say hello is “Cualli tonalli”, which literally means “good day” (cualli = good, tonalli – day, Sun). I would say that any Nahuatl speaker would understand Cualli Tonalli, even though they probably wouldn’t use it as much themselves.
Many Nahua people say hello just by using questions: how are you?, are you happy? how was the dawn? (for “good morning”), how was the day? (for “good afternoon”), how was the dusk? (for “good evening”). So let’s learn that.
You can say “how are you?” like this: Quen tica?, where “quen” means “how” and “tica” roughly means “you are”, but we are going to get more into this later.
In Nahuatl there are levels of respect when you speak, and it is important to make the difference in some phrases, like in this case. So you can also say “Quen timetztica?” for “How are you (Sr., Ma’am, etc.)?”.
The answer would be “Cualli, tlazohcamati” (good/well, thank you). We already saw those two words before. Or you can say “Ahmocualli” = not good (where “ahmo” or “amo” means “no”).
Then you can ask back: Auh tehuatl? = And you?
“Auh” means “and” when it is at the beginning of the phrase, but there is also “ihuan” which is used in the middle of the phrase.
“You” can be “tehuatl”, or “tehuatzin” for more respect. So the question can also be “Auh tehuatzin?”
Another way to ask if you are ok, is by asking: tipatica? (are you happy?), quema, nipatica, tlazohcamati (yes, I am happy, thank you). However we are not going to explain this construction yet.
Other greetings:
Quen otlathuililo? = how was the dawn? (good morning)
Quen ocemilhuitihuac? = how was the day? (good afternoon)
Quen oteotlahquililo? = how was the dusk? (good evening)
Cualli, tlazohcamati = fine, thank you
Ma ce cualli yohualli = (may you have) a good night
Ixquichca moztla = until tomorrow
Finally, some other words for your vocabulary:
Cualli = good/ well
Cuallica = very good /well
Achi = more
Achi cualli(ca) = better (more good)
Miac = a lot
Achi miac cualli(ca) = a lot better
Temachtiani = teacher
Cihuatzintli = ma’am
Yolic = slow, slowly
Tlahtolmachiotl = letter (a, b, c…)
Mixpantzinco = excuse me (some use it as “cheers” when drinking)
Quema = yes
Quemacatzin = yes (with a lot of respect, not often used, but it’s good to know)
Amo/ ahmo = no/ not
LESSON 3
Niltze, ximopanolti! :) This is the 3rd lesson. We are going to start with a few cultural facts, and then we are going to see how to introduce ourselves.
First, the meaning of the word “Nahuatl”. Actually there are several theories… among the most widespread are these: 1) It comes from Nahui (four) + Atl (water), which literally would mean “four waters” but it is also understood as “four paths”. Ancient Mexicans always saw the universe divided in four and… I actually won’t go any further on this, sorry haha, you can read that in many places; 2) It comes from Nahua (to sound good) + Atl (water)… “water that sounds good”, or “sounds good like water”. There are more theories out there, go figure :P The Nahuatl language is also called Nahuatlahtolli, which literally means “Nahuatl language”.
Tlahtolli = language, word
Then we have the word “Mexihco” (Mexico). There are also two main theories about its etymology: 1) It comes from Metztli (moon) + Xictli (navel) + Co (a suffix for places) = On the navel of the moon; 2) The same but Metl (maguey cactus) instead of Metztli, so it would be “On the navel of the maguey cactus”…. Hm, I like the first one better, hahaha, but who knows.
Finally we have “Tenochtitlan” (the ancient name of Mexico City, many Nahua people still call it that). Tetl (stone) + Nochtli (prickly pear) + Titlan (suffix for “among”) = Among rocks and prickly pears :) Not as mystical as one might imagine haha.
Some other words for Mexico’s geography:
Mictlampa = Northern Mexico
Huitztlampa = Southern Mexico
Ayohcan Anahuac = West Coast
Chalchicueyan/ Anahuaxicalanco = East Coast
Chalchicueyecan = Gulf of Mexico
Atlantico = Atlantic Ocean (this one is interesting, it obviously comes from Greek Atlas, but for some reason it makes perfect sense in Nahuatl too and that’s how they say it…)
Hueyi Atlantli = Pacific Ocean
OK, let’s go on…
INTRODUCING YOURSELF
(Grammar is explained later)
Quen motoca? = what’s your name? (how’s your name?)
Notoca Mizton = My name is Mizton
Itoca Xochitl = His/her name is Xochitl
Nipaqui nimitzixmati! = Nice to meet you (literally “I am happy I (get to) know you”)
The verb “to be” doesn’t really exist in Nahuatl
Vocabulary:
Tlazohcamati = Thank you
Amitla = you are welcome (litteraly “nothing”, and it can also be “atleyi” or “atle”) depending on the region, but most people do understand amitla.
Yohuatzinco = daybreak, pretty early in the morning (literally “little night”)
Quetzalli = beautiful
Itacatl = lunch (one carries, like a sandwich or tacos or something)
Ximotlali = sit down! (from verb “motlalia”, to sit)
That’s all folks, have fun, I’ll post the 4th lesson next Tuesday. 8-)
ESSON 4
Niltze, ximopanolti to lesson 4 8-)
This time, we are going to start with numbers. “Tepohualli” means number, and “Tepohualiztli” means numbering. Here they are:
0 – atle (litteraly “nothing”, just as “you are welcome” as well)
1 – ce
2 – ome (from “omitl”, bone)
3 – yei (from “yeztli / eztli”, blood)
4 – nahui (from “nacatl”, flesh)
5 – mahcuilli (crom “maitl+ocuilli”, the hand’s worms)
6 – chicoace
7 – chicome
8 – chicoeyi
9 – chicnahui
10 – mahtlactli (from “maitl + tlan”, hands together*)
11 – mahtlactli ihuan ce (litteraly “ten and one”)
12 – mahtlactli ihuan ome
13 – mahtlactli ihuan yei
14 – mahtlactli ihuan nahui
15 – caxtolli
16 – caxtolli ihuan ce
17 – caxtolli ihuan ome
18 – caxtolli ihuan yei
19 – caxtolli ihuan nahui
20 – cempohualli (litteraly “one count”)
400 – centzontli (litteraly “one hair”)
8000 – xiquipilli (litteraly “little bag”)
Number 20 is “one count”. From that point, we count in groups of 20, for example, 30 would be “cempohualli ihuan mahtlactli”, and 40 would be “om(e)pohualli”, which literally means “two counts”. 50 is “ompohualli ihuan mahtlactli” 60 is “yeipohualli”, 80 “nahuipohualli”, etc., until we get to 400, which as you see, is a unit by itself as well. After counting in groups of 400 we get to 8000 which is another unit, and then I won’t go further because it gets “obscure”, they say, haha.
Vocabulary:
Icniuhtli = brother (in Nahuatl, you also call your friends “brothers”, pretty profound huh :P, and it can be used for both girl and boy friends)
Hueltiuhtli = older sister
Nantli/ nana = mother, mom
Tahtli/ tata = father, dad
Tepahtiani = doctor
Cuauhtli = eagle
Citlalli = star
Cihuatl = woman
Cihuaicnitl = sister (in general)
Tlamachtiliztli = learning
Yeyecoliztli = test
Tlamachtilyeyecoliztili = proficiency exam/test
Melahuac = true, real, really
Melahuac? Quema, melahuac = really? Yeah, really
Telpocatl = Young man
Ichpocatl = Young woman
Ichpocatzintli = Lady
Ica paquiliztli = with pleasure (it’s my pleasure, I am happy to do it)
Ahuachtli = dew
Nochi/ Mochi = all, every(thing)
Timochintin = (we) all
Anmonochtin = (you) all
Finally, the words for “car” and “bus”. Many Nahuas are saying this often in Spanish because there are several variants in Nahuatl for these two words depending on the region, but a couple of good options are:
Tepozyoyolli = car
Calmimilolli / Hueyitepozyoyolli = bus
LESSON 5
Niltze, welcome to lesson number 5.
So this time, we are going to learn about nouns in Nahuatl. Nouns are divided in five groups depending on their endings. Here we have all the endings, each one with a list of examples:
TL
Atl (water)
Etl (bean)
Tetl (stone)
Xochitl (flower)
Xihuitl (year/grass)
Tlacatl (man/ human)
Tepetl (mountain)
Zoquitl (mud)
Xalxocotl (guava)
Ilhuitl (day / party)
Coatl (snake)
Tzapotl (zapote fruit)
Yolcatl (animal)
Petlatl (matting, bedroll)
Acatl (carrizo plant)
Ohuatl (reed, cane)
Iztatl (salt)
Oztotl (cave)
Nacatl (flesh, meat)
Tototl (bird)
Ayotl (turtle)
Cueyatl (frog)
Epatl (skunk)
Ocelotl (jaguar, ocelot)
Mazatl (deer)
Alotl (parrot)
Quiahuitl (rain)
Tomatl (tomato)
TLI
Amoxtli (book)
Cuauhtli (eagle)
Ohtli (way, path)
Nantli (mother)
Cipactli (crocodile)
Eztli (blood)
Ichpochtli (young lady)
Apaztli (trough)
Nacaztli (ear)
Tehtli (powder)
Tzontli (hair)
Tochtli (rabbit)
Cuetlachtli (wolf)
Yolohtli (heart)
Ayohtli (pumpkin, gourd)
Ayotochtli (armadillo)
Huitztli (thorn, prickle)
Teciuhtli (hail)
Itztli (obsidian)
Nochtli (prickly pear)
Apantli (canal)
Cacalachtli (cockroach)
Cactli (sandal)
Miquiztli (death)
Ozomatli (monkey)
Itzcuintli (dog)
Metztli (moon)
Nemiliztli (life)
LI
Calli (house)
Xalli (sand)
Malinalli (climbing plant)
Tlalli (earth)
Pilli (small one)
Tonalli (day, sun)
Tamalli (tamale)
Tlayolli (corn)
Tlaxcalli (tortilla)
Chilli (chili, hot pepper)
Tlapitzalli (flute)
Citlalli (star)
Tlacualli (food)
Chapulli (locust)
Olli (movement)
Cuetzpalli (lizard)
Huitzilli (hummingbird)
Huipilli (blouse)
Colli (grandfather)
Nopalli (paddle cactus)
Acalli (canoe, boat)
Acolli (shoulder)
Chimalli (shield)
Icpalli (chair)
Capulli (chokecherry)
Comalli (comal)
Ocuilli (worm)
Quecholli (flamenco)
QUI
Teopixqui (priest)
Micqui (dead, corpse)
Tlahuanqui (drunk one)
Calpixqui (butler)
Ichcapixqui (shepherd)
Acalpixqui (boat sentry)
NI
Temachtiani (teacher)
Miltequitini (peasant)
Tepahtiani (doctor)
Tlantepahtiani (dentist)
Cuacuahueni (cowboy)
Tlahtolcuepani (translator)
As you notice, the last two endings (qui, ni) are used only for nouns that describe people.
Making the plural is very easy, you have to take the ending out and add the following endings:
TL – MEH/ME (Ame, Eme, Teme, Xochime, Xihuime, Tlacame)
TLI – TIN (Amoxtin, Cuauhtin, Ohtin, Nantin, Cipactin, Eztin)
LI – TIN (Caltin, Xaltin, Malinaltin, Tlaltin, Piltin, Tonaltin)
QUI – QUEH (teopixqueh, micqueh, tlahuanqueh, calpixqueh, ichcapixqueh)
NI – MEH/ME (temachtiame, miltequitime, tepahtiame, tlahtolcuepame)
Note: In some variants, they don’t take out the ending NI, but just add MEH/ME, ending up with a NIME ending (temachtianime, tepahtianime, etc.).
Finally, let’s see the ordinal numbers. You have to add “inic” before each number, and voilà!
Inic ce = first
Inic ome = second
Inic yei = third
Inic nahui = fourth
Inic mahcuilli = fifth
Inic chicoace = sixth
Inic chicome = seventh
Inic chicoeyi = eight
Inic chicnahui = ninth
Inic mahtlactli = tenth
LESSON 6
Niltze nocnihuan :D, ximopanolti to lesson 6. We are going to continue with the plurals of the nouns, and then we’ll see the possessive pronouns.
Some words (most of them refer to nationalities or name for inhabitants, professions and variants of those) with a TL ending have a different plural, which is formed by taking the ending out and adding an H. Examples:
Cihuatl (woman) – Cihuah (women)
Tlacatl (man/person) – Tlacah (men)
Mexihcatl (Mexican) – Mexihcah (Mexicans)
Pochtecatl (merchant, salesman) – Pochtecah (merchants)
Now, depending on the regional variant, some words with the endings TL are pluralized by repeating the first syllable and taking the ending off. And some words with the endings TLI and LI are pluralized by repeating the first syllable or the syllable in the middle, and then exchanging the ending for TIN. Examples:
Moyotl (mosquito) – Momoyo (mosquitoes)
Tecolotl (owl) - Tetecolo (owls)
Mazatl (deer) – Mamaza (deers)
Teotl (spirit, god) – Teteo (spirits, gods)
Cihtli (grandmother) – Cicihtin (grandmothers)
Tecuhtli (lord, master) – Tetecuhtin (lords)
Tochtli (rabbit) – Totochtin (rabbits)
Citlalli (star) – Cicitlaltin (stars)
Telpochtli (young man) – Telpopochtin (young men)
Ichpochtli (young lady) – Ichpopochtin (young ladies)
In the variant we are studying, those are some of the words that they usually pluralize that way, but in some other variants, you can stick to the regular forms we saw in lesson 6 (plus the first one with the H ending we saw here). I know there are a couple of variants where they even use MEH ending for almost all words. However, I recommend you to at least get familiar with these irregular forms as well, just to be able to recognize them in a text or anything.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Now we are going to learn the possessive pronouns and how to use them:
No = my/mine
Mo = your/yours
I = his/her(s)/its
To = our/ours
Anmo = plural your/yours (in some variants they say “amo/imo…”)
In = their/theirs
When we use a possessive pronoun, we have to add it to the noun as a prefix (so it looks like one single word). For phonetic reasons, when the noun starts with a vowel, pronouns No, Mo, To and Anmo lose their final vowel, as we’ll see in the examples. Now, when using possessive pronouns, the ending suffers a change, but it’s quite simple: words that end with TL get that ending changed into UH, words with TLI and LI endings just lose that ending, and for the plurals all words get their ending changed into HUAN. Examples:
Xochitl (flower) – Noxochiuh (my flower) – Noxochihuan (my flowers)
Tochtli (rabbit) – Motoch (your rabbit) – Motochhuan (your rabbits)
Citlalli (star) – Icitlal (his/her star) – Icitlalhuan (his/her stars)
Amoxtli (book) – Tamox (our book) – Tamoxhuan (our books)
Atl (water) – Anmauh (your water) – Anmahuan (your waters)
Mazatl (deer) – Inmazauh (their deer) – Inmazahuan (their deers)
This is why we say “Quen motoca?” for “what’s your name?” (Lesson 3). Because “tocaitl” means “name”. Although this seems to be an irregular noun, because we don’t say “motocaiuh” but “motoca”:
Quen = how
Tocaitl = name
Notoca (my name)
Motoca (your name)
Itoca (his name)
Totoca (our name)
Anmotoca (your name, plural)
Intoca (their name)
Quen motoca? = what’s your name?
Notoca Mizton = My name is Mizton :)
Quen itoca mocniuh? = what’s your friend’s name? (Literally “how his-name, your-friend?”)
Icniuhtli = friend
Now to all, a little but interesting parenthesis in the course, to give you a list of some of the words in English that come from Nahuatl:
Chocolate (Xocolatl)
Coyote (Coyotl)
Tomato (Tomatl)
Avocado (Ahuacatl)
Ocelot (Ocelotl)
Chili (Chilli)
Chayote (Chayohtli)
Guacamole (Ahuacamolli)
Mezcal (Mexcalli)
Tequila (Tecuilan/ Tequillan)
LESSON 7
Hello people, welcome to lesson 7. Thanks for following.
So let’s see the endings for courtesy, respect. The first ending is TZINTLI. We use it in all nouns that have the regular endings (TL, TLI, LI), examples:
Ichpochtli (young lady) – Ichpochtzintli (honorable young lady, my lady)
Tlayolli (corn) – Tlayoltzintli (honorable corn)
Tahtli (father) – Tahtzintli (honorable father)
Nantli (mother) – Nantzintli (honorable mother)
Xochitl (flower) – Xochitzintli (honorable flower)
The nouns that don’t have any of the regular endings, and names as well, will have the ending TZIN added in order to make it a noun of courtesy, examples:
Michin (fish) – Michintzin (honorable fish)
Huehue (old/old man) – Huehuetzin (honorable old man)
Mayahuel (female name) - Mayahueltzin
Now, in plural, the ending for all nouns will be TZITZIN/ TZITZINTIN. Examples:
Tahtli (father) – Tahtin (fathers) – Tahtzitzin(tin) (honorable fathers)
Xochitl (flower) – Xochimeh (flowers) – Xochitzitzin(tin) (honorable flowers)
That’s the way we form nouns of courtesy or respect. Now, as usual, they will change a bit when using possessive pronouns. In singular, the ending will be TZIN as well, but for every noun, no matter what ending they have. Examples:
Noxochiuh (my flower) – Noxochitzin (my honorable flower)
Moteuh (your rock) – Motetzin (your honorable rock)
Icitlal (his star) – Icitlaltzin (his honorable star)
Finally, for plural we use the ending TZITZIHUAN. Examples:
Noxochihuan (my flowers) – Noxochitzitzihuan (my honorable flowers)
Motehuan (your rocks) – Motetzitzihuan (your honorable rocks)
Icitlalhuan (his stars) – Icitlaltzitzihuan (his honorable stars)
That’s pretty much all you need to know about nouns of courtesy. There’s a theory that says that this is the reason why Mexican Spanish speakers use so many diminutives when talking: agüita, por favorcito, abuelita, ahorita, rapidito, etc. A result of the need people had to use these tzin/tzintli endings for everything, to make the words softer to the listener. Interesting, huh.
So to summarize what we’ve seen about the noun, let’s give one final example using all forms:
Yolcatl – animal
Yolcameh – animals
Noyolcauh – my animal
Moyolcauh – your animal
Iyolcauh – his animal
Toyolcauh – our animal
Anmoyolcauh – your (plural) animal
Inyolcauh – their animal
Noyolcahuan – my animals
Yolcatzintli – honorable animal
Yolcatzitzintin – honorable animals
Noyolcatzitzihuan – my honorable animals
Now let’s see some phrases where in English you would use the verb “to be” which doesn’t really exist in Nahuatl, and let’s use the main demonstrative pronouns ININ (This) and INON (That). As in English, there is no gender in Nahuatl.
Inin huehue nocol = this old man is my grandfather
Inintzin huehuetzin nocoltzin = this honorable old man is my h. grandfather
Colli = grand father
Inin ilamatl nocih = this old lady is my grandmother
Initzin ilamatzintli nocihtzin = this honorable old lady is my h. grandmother
Ilamatl = old lady
Cihtli = grandmother
Inontzin cihuatzintli nonantzin = that honorable lady is my mother
Nocneuh itoca Marco = my brother’s name is Marco
Nocneuhtzin itocatzin Marco (with courtesy)
Finally, some extra vocabulary:
Quen/Quenin? = how?
Quen mihtoa…? = how is it said?/ how do you say…?
Tlen/tlein? = what?
Tlen quihtoznequi…? = what does it mean?/ what does… mean?
Tlahtolli = word / language
Ixayotl = tear
Cuitlatl = excrement
Teocuitlatl = gold (literally “divine excrement”)
Yolic = slow(ly)
Cenyeliztli = family
Ixhuitl = grandson/granddaughter
Cuacue = cow
Chichi = dog
Mizton/ Miztontli = cat (yay that's me 8-) )
LESSON 8
Welcome to lesson number 8!
Guess what? Some of my Nahuatl classmates found this online course and have decided they will check it out even tho they are studying the actual course in real life with me haha, that’s very flattering, thank you all. Bienvenidos todos mis compañeros de la clase de náhuatl con el temachtiani Galdino. Como ven estoy editando (quitando, agregando y reacomodando) toda la información que nos da el profe para hacerla más digerible y amena, pero juro que no lo hago a ciegas. Tengo estudios que trato de aplicar aquí lo mejor posible. Ximopanolti y espero que sirva de apoyo. :D
So let’s talk about the articles. Good news: there is just one article in Nahuatl, for all words, singular or plural: IN. This is because it was not originally an article the way we know it in our indoeuropean languages. But nowadays we can say it is the closest equivalent to what we know as articles. So here we have some examples:
In calli (the house)
In caltin (the houses)
In tlamachtilli (the pupil)
In tlamachtiltin (the pupils)
In metztli ( the moon)
In metztin (the moons)
In telpocatl (the young man)
In telpocameh (the young men)
In the previous lesson we learnt ININ and INON. Sometimes they are also used without the first “IN”, so that leaves us with the short versions IN and ON. Those are the demonstrative pronouns this and that. Unlike the article IN, they do have plurals: ININQUE (these) and INONQUE (those). In some variants you can also hear ninque/ nonque, or inime / inome. Here we have some examples:
Inin piltontli = this boy
Inon cihuaton = this girl
Inon cihuatl = that woman
Inon tlacatl = that man
Ininque cocone = these kids
Inonque ichpocameh = those girls (young women)
Inin xochicualli = this fruit
Inon quema = that one, yes
Inon amo = that one, no/ not that one
Inin amo cuallica = that is not good
Ininque notlamachtilhuan = these are my pupils
Tlen quihtoznequi inin? = what does this mean?
Tlen quihtoznequi on tlahtolli? = what does that word mean?
Now we are finally going to start studying verbs 8-) . Verbs are divided into three main groups: transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, and reflexive verbs. Let’s begin with transitive verbs. The conjugation of these verbs will be formed with three elements: conjugation pronoun, object and verb.
As we already saw, the personal pronouns are (depending on the level of speech and variant):
Nehuatl / Nehua / Neh (I)
Tehuatl/ Tehua/ Teh (You)
Yehuatl/ Yehua/ Yeh (He/she/it)
Tehuan/ Tehuantin (We)
Anmehuan/ Anmehuantin (You all)
Yehuan/ Yehuantin (They)
Aquin = who?
Ayac = nobody
With these alone, we can already say things like:
Aquin yehuatl? = Who is he/she?
Yehuatl nocneuh = He/she is my friend
Aquin tehuatl? = Who are you?
Ayac? = Nobody?
Now, just like French, Nahuatl has a second row of pronouns that we will use to conjugate verbs, by adding them to the verb as a prefix:
Ni (for Nehuatl)
Ti (for Tehuatl)
Yehuatl doesn’t have a pronoun for conjugations
Ti (for Tehuan)
An (for Anmehuan)
Yehuan doesn’t have a pronoun for conjugations
That was the first element we need for conjugating transitive verbs. The second one is the object. There are several objects which would be the equivalent to (to) me, (to) you, (to) people, (to) something, (to) oneself, etc. The most neutral object we have is C/QUI, which would mean (to) him/her/it.
The third and final element we need for conjugating transitive verbs is… a conjugated verb. As a general rule, the only modification a verb will have when conjugating it in present tense, is an H ending in the three persons of the plural (we, you, they). So let’s get practical and conjugate the verb Palehuia (to help):
PALEHUIA (to help/ he or she helps)
Nehuatl nicpalehuia = I help him/her/it
Tehuatl ticpalehuia = You help him/her/it
Yehuatl quipalehuia = He or she helps him/her/it
Tehuan ticpalehuiah = We help him/her/it
Anmehuan anquipalehuiah = you (all) help him/her/it
Yehuan quipalehuiah = they help him/her/it
It is not necessary to say the main personal pronoun, because you already have the conjugation pronoun there when conjugating a verb. So you can just say nicpalehuia to mean “I help him”.
The difference of usage between C and QUI as the object “him/her/it”, is mostly phonetic. Most of the time you can’t just put two consonants together and say CPalehuia or ANCPalehuiah.
So, following these same rules, let’s see the verb Nequi (to want):
NEQUI (to want/ he wants)
Nicnequi (I want him/her/it)
Ticnequi (you want him/her/it)
Quinequi (he or she wants him/her/it)
Ticnequih (we want him/her/it)
Anquinequih (you all want him/her/it)
Quinequih (they want him/her/it)
Nahuatl can be a bit redundant, in this sense:
Nicnequi inon = I want that (I want it, that)
Nicnequi on xochicualli = I want that fruit (I want it, that fruit)
Nicnequi yehuatl = I want him/her (I want him, HIM)
Etc.
LESSON 9
Niltze everybody :D , welcome to lesson number 9!
In this lesson we are going to go on with verbs and their conjugation in present tense. In lesson number 9, we saw how to conjugate transitive verbs like Palehuia and Nequi. Here’s another example:
IHTA (to see/ he or she sees)
Niquihta (I see him/her/it)
Tiquihta (You see him/her/it)
Quihta (He or she sees him/her/it)
Tiquihtah (We see him/her/it)
Anquihtah (You all see him/her/it)
Quihtah (They see him/her/it)
Here we have more transitive verbs for you to memorize and conjugate this way:
Chihua = to do
Cohua = to buy
Tlapaloa = to greet/say hello
I = to drink
Pohua = to count
Amoxpohua/Amapohua = to read
Mati = to know
Cui = to grab
Tlazohtla = to love
Cua = to eat
Pehua = to start
Now we are going to learn how to conjugate intransitive verbs. These are the verbs that usually don’t need an object, like “live” or “sleep”. To conjugate them, we are going to follow the same rules of the transitive verbs, except that we are going to ignore the object (c/qui). So we only have the conjugation pronoun and the verb. Let’s see an example:
NEMI (to live/ he or she lives)
Nehuatl ninemi (I live)
Tehuatl tinemi (you live)
Yehuatl nemi (he or she lives)
Tehuan tinemih (we live)
Anmehuan Annemih (you all live)
Yehuan nemih (they live)
I think this is the easiest kind of verbs. Here we have a few more intransitive verbs:
Cochi = to sleep
Yauh = to go (irregular verb, in the plural the conjugation is “yahui”, so tiyahui, anyahui and yahuih)
Ahci = to arrive
Tequiti = to work
Paqui = to be happy, well
Quiza = to go out
Finally we have the reflexive verbs, those where the action goes on the subject itself. To conjugate these, the only difference with the intransitive verbs is that we are going to change the conjugation pronouns a bit:
Nimo/ Nino (I, to myself)
Timo (you, to yourself)
Mo (he/she, to himself/to herself)
Tito/ Timo (we, to ourselves)
Anmo (you, to yourselves)
Mo (they, to themselves)
As you see, they don’t change dramatically. We are just adding some extra particles to the original pronouns. And these are very important because we are also going to use them when conjugating verbs with respect/courtesy. So, let’s see an example of a conjugated reflexive verb:
ALTIA (to bath/shower)
Nehuatl ninoaltia = I take a bath (I bath myself)
Tehuatl timoaltia = you take a bath (you bath yourself)
Yehuatl moaltia = he or she takes a bath (he baths himself)
Tehuan titoaltiah = we take a bath (we bath ourselves)
Anmehuan anmoaltiah = you all take a bath (you bath yourselves)
Yehuan moaltiah = they take a bath (they bath themselves)
Got the idea? It’s easy, isn’t it? The only problem here, is that as you see, reflexive verbs in Nahuatl are not always reflexive verbs in English or Spanish (although it does share more of these with Spanish (ex: yo me baño), so it’s a good reference). Here we have a few more reflexive verbs:
Mahtequia = to wash one’s hands
Machtia = to study (if conjugated as transitive, it means “to teach”. So when used as a reflexive, you are actually saying “I teach myself”, which would be the Nahuatl equivalent to “to study”)
Cactia = to put shoes on
Teca = to lie down/
LESSON 10
Hello people, welcome to lesson number 10.
So this time we are going to cover a lot 8-) We already saw the present tense, remember? Well, now we are going to see the past tense, the future tense, the imperfect tense, and the gerund form of the verbs. But don’t be afraid, most of it is rather simple.
PAST TENSE
To form the past tense, we basically add an O prefix to the conjugation pronouns (in some variants It’s “yo”), and then a C ending to the verb for the three persons in singular, and QUEH for the three persons in plural. Let’s see some examples:
TLACUA (To eat something)
(Nehuatl) onitlacuac (I ate)
(Tehuatl) otitlacuac (you ate)
(Yehuatl) otlacuac (he/she ate)
(Tehuan) otitlacuaqueh (we ate)
(Anmehuan) oantlacuaqueh (you all ate)
(Yehuan) otlacuaqueh (they ate)
TZACUA (to close)
Onitzacuac (I closed)
Otitzacuac (you closed)
Otzacuac (he/she closed)
Otitzacuaqueh (we closed)
Oantzacuaqueh (you all closed)
Otzacuaqueh (they closed)
Some verbs lose one or two of their last letters, just for phonetic reasons:
CAQUI (to hear)
Onicac (I heard)
Oticac (you heard)
Ocac (he/she heard)
Oticaqueh (we heard)
Oancaqueh (you all heard)
Ocaqueh (they heard)
TLAHTOA (to speak)
Onitlahtoc
Otitlahtoc
Otlahtoc
Otitlahtoqueh
Oantlahtoqueh
Otlahtoqueh
There are a few irregular verbs where you add X and XQUEH endings instead of C/QUEH:
TLACHIA (To look)
Onitlachix
Otitlachix
Otlachix
Otitlachixqueh
Oantlachixqueh
Otlachixqueh
Note: Even though the X is usually pronounced as an English “sh”, in this case my teacher clearly pronounces it as an “S”.
Don’t worry, the past tense was the most complicated of the ones we are studying in this lesson.
FUTURE TENSE
To form the future tense, we just add a Z ending to the persons in singular and a ZQUEH ending to the plurals, for all the verbs. Examples:
TLACUA
Nitlacuaz (I will eat)
Titlacuaz (you will eat)
Tlacuaz (he/she will eat)
Titlacuazqueh (we will eat)
Antlacuazqueh (you all will eat)
Tlacuazqueh (they will eat)
CAQUI
Nicaquiz (I will hear)
Ticaquiz (you will hear)
Caquiz (he/she will hear)
Ticaquizqueh (we will hear)
Ancaquizqueh (you all will hear)
Caquizqueh (they will hear)
IMPERFECT TENSE
To form the imperfect tense, we just add a YA ending to the persons in singular and a YAH ending to the plurals (para los que hablan español, esto equivale a nuestras terminaciones “ía” y “aba”). Examples:
TLACUA
Nitlacuaya (I was eating/ I used to eat/) (if you know Spanish, “yo comía” is exactly what it is :P)
Titlacuaya (you were eating/ you used to eat)
Tlacuaya (he or she was eating/ he or she used to eat)
Titlacuayah (we were eating/ we used to eat)
Antlacuayah (you all were eating/ you all used to eat)
Tlacuayah (they were eating/ they used to eat)
In some regions, they also add the same O prefix of the past tense. Example: onitlacuaya.
GERUND FORM
As you know, this form corresponds to an action that is in process at the present time (“ing” ending in English, terminaciones “ando/iendo” en español ). The good news is that in most cases you can just use the present tense instead of the gerund form.
Well, in Classical Nahuatl, which nowadays we really only find in texts, there were two kinds of gerund. One of them had the endings TICA (singular) and TICATEH (plural), which expressed that the person is doing something while standing; and the other one had the ending TOC, which expressed that the person is doing something while seating or lying somewhere. HOWEVER, in modern Nahuatl these two gerund forms split, and now some regions/variants use the first one, and others use the second one, no matter if the person is standing or lying or floating or whatever. Well, in our variant (Mexico City/ most towns in the State of Mexico) they are using the first form: TICA and TICATEH endings (which I prefer as well, because TOC doesn’t seem to have a plural form to distinguish “you” and “we” conjugations).
Having said all that, to form the gerund, we just add the endings TICA (for singular) and TICATEH (for plural), and verbs usually lose the same last letters they lose in the past tense, when they lose letters at all.
Examples:
TLACUA
Nitlacuatica (I am eating)
Titlacuatica (you are eating)
Tlacuatica (he/she is eating)
Titlacuaticateh (we are eating)
Antlacuaticateh (you all are eating)
Tlacuaticateh (they are eating)
CHIHUA (to do)
Nicchihuatica (I am doing (it))
Ticchihuatica (you are doing)
Quichihuatica (he is doing)
Ticchuhuaticateh (we are doing)
Anquichihuaticateh (you all are doing)
Quichihuaticateh (they are doing)
Tlen ticchihuatica? (gerund) / Tlen ticchihua? (plain present tense) = what are you doing?
COCHI (to sleep)
Nicochtica (I am sleeping)
Ticochtica (you are sleeping)
Cochtica (he/she is sleeping)
Ticochticateh (we are sleeping)
Ancochticateh (you all are sleeping)
Cochticateh (they are sleeping)
CHOCA (to cry)
Nichocatica (I am crying)
Tichocatica (you are crying)
Chocatica (he/she is crying)
Tichocaticateh (we are crying)
Anchocaticateh (you all are crying)
Chocaticateh (they are crying)
Remember that in many cases you can also just use the present tense instead, like “nichoca” (I cry/I’m crying).
Finally, let’s see a very important (transitive) verb:
PIA (to have)
Nicpia (I have)
Ticpia (you have)
Quipia (he/she has)
Ticpiah (we have)
Anquipiah (you all have)
Quipiah (they have)
Ticpia cahuitl? = do you have time?
Nicpia tomin = I have money
Ticpia mamox? = do you have your book?
Ticpia tlapopotzalli/ tlachinolli? = do you have a cigarette?
Cahuitl = time
Tomin = money
Tlacuacua = to graze
Chichina = to suck
Tlapopotzalli/ tlachinolli = cigarette
Lots of new stuff to study huh, titohtazqueh annocnehuan!
LESSON 11
Niltze, welcome to Lesson number 11. This time we’ll see how to ask where are things, and some weather expressions.
In lesson 10, we saw the gerund. So with that CA (meaning “he/she/it is (being)”), we can ask for locations:
Campa = where
Campa ca? = where is…?
Campa ca mecanonotzalli? = where is the phone?
Campa ca inon? = where is that?
Campa ca in axixcalco? = where is the bathroom?
Campa titequiti? = where do you work?
Nitequiti (ompa) cocoxcalli, nitepahtiani = I work in the hospital, I’m a doctor
Ompa = there
Auh tehuatl? (and you?)
Mecanonotzalli = phone (mecatl = rope, cable + notza = to chat)
Amatitlaloyan = post office (amatl = paper, letter)
Tepozcuilli = metro, subway (tepoztli = iron + ocuilli = worm)
Tepoztototl = airplane (tepoztli = iron + tototl = bird)
Cochihualoyan = hotel (cochi = to sleep + huala = to arrive)
Axixcalco/ Axixcalli = bathroom, WC (axixa = to pee + calli = house)
Tlacualoyan = restaurant (tlacualli = food)
WEATHER
Some phrases in English, like “it’s hot”, “it’s cold”, are expressed in Nahuatl with a single verb.
Axcan = today, now
Axcan cehua = today is cold
Axcan tona = today is hot
Axcan tlaceliztica = today is cool (gerund form from last lesson)
Axcan eheca = today is windy (eheca is a verb meaning “the wind blows”, ehecatl is the noun “wind”)
Axcan cenca eheca = today is very windy (so cenca means “very” here)
Axcan cenca tona = today is very hot
Axcan mixtentica = today is cloudy (from “mixtli”, cloud)
Axcan tlachipactica = today (the sky) is clear
Axcan quiahui = today it rains
Axcan quiahuiz = today it will rain (The future tense from last lesson, remember?)
Axcan amoquiahuiz = today it won’t rain
Axcan cenhuetziz = today it will freeze
Axcan tonaz = today it will be hot
Axcan mixayahui = today it’s foggy
Extra vocabulary:
(A)nozo = or
Cocoxcalli/ cocoxcacalco = hospital
Cocoxcapixqui = nurse
Noihqui = also, too
LESSON 12
Hello there, welcome to Lesson number 12 :D
This time we are going to learn mostly vocabulary, and how to express one’s origins and the time.
First we have a list of words:
VOCABULARY
Ohuitic = difficult
Yancuic = new
Tlahca/ teotlac = late
Tlanonotzaliztli = conversation
Tepoztototl/ Tepozpapalotl = airplane
Tepozyoyolli = vehicle, car
Tepozocuilli/ tepozcoatl = metro, subway
Tepolli = penis (I know it’s pretty random for this list, but somehow it was mentioned in the class and I think it’s important to know this word, haha)
Zan = only, just
Occe = other, another
Inazo/azo = maybe (depending on the region, you can also hear “azozan”, “cox”, “zanen”, “tloc”, “amozan”…)
Tlen/ Tlein = what…?
Campa = where…?
Aquin = who…?
Quezquich?/ Quezquin? = how much?
Nanquilia = to answer
(Ten)caqui = to understand
Chia = to wait
Ahci = to arrive
Pehua = to start
Tlaneci = to dawn, to get light
Tlayohua/ tlapoyahui = to get dark
Huitz = to come (very irregular, see conjugation below)
(Mo)cuepa = to return (reflexive verb)
(Mo)hualcuepa = to return (back to the point you are right now)
Tlapopolhuilli! = Sorry!
Xinechtlapopolhui = I’m sorry, excuse me (when talking to one single person)
ORIGIN
HUITZ (to come) (very irregular)
Nehuatl nihuitz (I come)
Tehuatl tihuitz (you come)
Yehuatl huitz (he comes)
Tehuan tihuitze (we come)
Anmehuan anhuitze (you all come)
Yehuan huitze (they come)
So in order to say “where are you from?” we literally say “where do you come?”:
Campa tihuitz?
Another way to ask this is by asking “where is your mother land?”:
Campa motlalnan?
Or just asking “where do you live?” by using the verb “chanti” (to reside) or “nemi” (to live):
Campa tichanti? / Campa tinemi?
Remember that “Tlalli” means earth, and “Nantli” means mother.
We can answer this question by:
Using the verb “to reside”: (Nehuatl) nichanti Mexihco = I live/reside in Mexico
Using the verb “to live/to exist”: Ninemi Mexihco = I live in Mexico
Saying where your home (chantli) is: Nehuatl, nican nochan = (As for me), my home is here
Saying the name for the inhabitants of your region: Nehuatl nimexihca(tl) = I’m Mexican
TIME
Time vocabulary first:
Cahuitl = time
Iman = hour
Axcan = today, now
Moztla = tomorrow
Yalhua = yesterday
Yahuiptla = the day before yesterday
Huiptla = the day after tomorrow
Cualcan/Cualcantica = early/ in the morning
Teotlac/ Teotlahcan = late/in the afternoon
Yohualli/ Yohualtica = in the evening/ at night
Tlahcotonalpa/ tonalnepantla = noon (tlahco = middle / nepantla = center)
Tlacualipa = at lunch (Nahuas use to eat at noon, so it is used as a time expression as well)
Tlahcoyohualli/ yohualnepantla = midnight
Ye/ Yeh / yehca = already (roughly)
Oc = still
Ayemo = not yet
Ye huehcauh = long time ago (already old time)t
Ayamo huehcauh = not long ago
Ye chicome = a week ago, literally “already seven”
Axcan chicome = in a week, literally “(from) now seven”
Xihuitl = year
Ye ce xihuitl = a year ago, literally “already one year”
Zan iman = right away, right after
Zanqueh/ Zanica = as soon as…
Ihcuac = when…
So, as we already learnt, “time” in Nahuatl is “cahuitl”. Well, “hour” is “iman”, and in order to ask the time, we can use any of those two words. When we ask “what time is it now?”, we literally say “what time we are?”:
Tlen iman ticateh?
Remember in lesson number 11 we saw the gerund form, so even we don’t have a verb “to be” in Nahuatl, you can use the gerund endings directly with the conjugation pronouns in order to express “we are” (literally “we are being”, “we are in this state”), in this case. That’s why we say “ticateh”. By now, you should understand the next phrases:
Tlen iman? = at what time?
Tlen iman ticateh? = What time is it?
Telpocatl, tlen iman ticpia? = Young man, what time do you have?
Ticateh chicnahui iman yohualli = it is nine o’clock in the evening
Ye iman = it is time (already)
Ayemo iman = it’s not time yet
Oc cualcan = it is still early
Ticpia cahuitl? = do you have time?
Axcan amonicpia cahuitl = Right now I don’t have time
Tlen iman titlacuazqueh? = At what time are we going to eat?
Ye tlahca, inazo mahcuilli iman = It’s already late, maybe at five o’clock
Niquizaz nahui iman teotlac = I’m going to go out at four o’clock in the afternoon
In tepozocuilli pehua tequiti chicoace iman cualcan = the metro starts working (literally “(he) starts (he) works”) at six o’clock in the morning
In tepoztototl axcan amoquizaz = the airplane is not going to fly (lit. to go out) right now
Ye tlayohua = it is getting dark already
Ye yohualli = it is night already
Zan iman ninohualcuepa(z) = I’ll be right back (Lit. “I return right away”)
So maybe in the chatrooms we could write “ZIN”? :P
ESSON 13
Niltze! :D Welcome to lesson number 13. I was absent for the last two weeks, because they closed all schools in Mexico City (oh and the whole country too) during the epidemic :P But guess what, I survived and we can go on now.
So this time we are going to see adjectives. As in English, adjectives usually go before the noun they modify. But even when you express that something is some way in a phrase (as in “that car is blue”), you still usually say the adjective first (“blue is that car” :P). So first let’s see some adjectives:
Quetzalli/quetzaltic = beautiful
Xococ = sour (bitter?... hehe)
Hueyi = big
Chicahuac = strong
Chipahuac = clean, clear
Totonqui = hot
Iztic = cold
Tzopelic = sweet
Tepiztic = hard
Hueyac = long
Zolli/zoltic = old (for things)
Huehue = old (for people)
Tentic = sharp
Cococ = spicy/hot
Colors 8-) (Tlapaltin):
Chichiltic = red
Xiutic = blue (usually turquoise)
Xoxoctic = green
Coztic = yellow
Tlaltic = brown
Nextic = grey
Chilcoztic = orange
Iztac = white
Tliltic = black
Camohtic = purple
Teocuitlatic = golden
Quiltic = light green
Yahuitl = deep blue
Cozauhtic = deep yellow
Tlatlauhtic = deep red
Let’s see some examples with the adjectives (remember that the article is not that important in Nahuatl, because it’s not even exactly the same as our articles, so I sometimes randomly use it):
In xococ xocolatl = the sour chocolate
In hueyi cuahuitl = the big tree
Totonqui atl = (the) hot water
Tzopelic xalxocotl = sweet guava
Hueyac coatl = long snake
Zoltic oztotl = old cave
Zoltic tlaquemitl = old clothing
In xiutic ilhuicatl = the blue sky
Tliltic mochichi = your dog is black
Chipahuac inin atzintli = this (honorable) water is clean/clear
Coztic mohuipil = your blouse is yellow
Finally, let’s see some extra vocabulary and a few more simple phrases (nothing we haven’t covered grammatically):
Tlapalli = color
Tlapalcoatl/ cozamalotl = rainbow
Itztli = obsidian
Huipilli = blouse
Cehpayahuitl = snow
Cehpayahui =to snow
Izhuatl/ixhuatl = leaf
Amaizhuatl = sheet of paper
Teconalli = pencil
Tlacuilolhuaztli = pencil, pen, crayon, etc. (literally “tool for writing”)
Elehuia = to wish
Totoltetl = egg (bird’s)
Octli = wine (iztaoctli = white wine, tlapaloctli = red wine)
Teixhuinotl/ Pozoncachichic = beer
Chichihualatl = milk
Capolchichic = coffee (This is how they say It in my teacher’s town, but in the dictionary I also found the loan word from Spanish: “café/cafetzin”)
Xomatli = spoon (traditional clay one… I found “neloani” for modern spoons in the dictionary)
Chilmolli = chilli sauce
Axcan cehpayahuiz = it will snow today
Ticpia tletl? = have you got a light? (lit. “do you have fire?”)
Nicnequi yei totolteme = I want three eggs
Nic-elehuia/niquelehuia cente calli = I wish a house
Ticnequi octli? = do you want wine?
Amo, nicnequi pozoncachichic = no, I want a beer
Yehuatl quinequi chichihualatl = she wants milk
LESSON 14
Hello, welcome to lesson number 14 8-) . Today we are going to learn about agglutination, conditional form, “want to + verb”, and a detail on the article IN. Then some more vocabulary, and finally we will analyze a small paragraph.
AGGLUTINATIONS
As you know, Nahuatl is a very agglutinating language, just like German, Chinese, etc. We can make words by joining two nouns together, or a noun and an adjective, or a noun and a verb, etc. Note for Spanish speakers: para nosotros, el significado de todas las palabras compuestas se van a interpretar de derecha a izquierda, igual que en inglés.
When the noun is at the beginning of the word, it loses its ending (tl, tli, li) to get joined to the other word:
Citlaltepetl (citlalli + tepetl) = star mountain (“the mountain of the star”, that’s the name of a mountain in Mexico City, I can see it from my window haha)
Xochicalli (xochitl + calli) = house of flowers
Tochtlalli (tochtli + tlalli) = land of rabbits
Adjectives don’t lose any ending when they are in that same position though:
Chichiltictepetl = red mountain
Coztictlalli = yellow earth/ land
However, when the final letter of the adjective is the same as the first letter of the next word, one of them is lost:
Chichilticalli (chichiltic + calli) = red house
Tlilticuauhtli (tliltic + cuauhtli) = black eagle
Yancuicuetlachtli (yancuic + cuetlachtli) = new wolf
Verbs can also be added to nouns, and they usually don’t lose any endings, but sometimes they do:
Nahuatlapitzalli [nahua (to sound good) + tlapitzalli] = flute that sounds (good)
Tlazohyolohtli (tlazohtla + yolohtli) = loving/loved heart
You can also form verbs by adding nouns before them, especially with verbs like CHIHUA (to do/make):
Nitlacualchihua (tlacualli + chihua) = I make lunch
Ticalchihuaz (calli + chihua) = You’ll make (build) your house
CONDITIONAL
Now we are going to see the conditional. Good news, it works just as in English, we just have to learn the word for IF, which is INTLA, or INTLACAMO for IF + NOT. Example:
Intla titequiti, ticpiaz tomin = if you work, you’ll have money
Intlacamo titequiti, amoticpiaz tomin = if you don’t work, you won’t have money
WANT TO + VERB
Nahuatl uses a special syntax to express this, but it’s very similar to what we just saw in Agglutinations. We already know the verb “nequi”, to want. Well, when we have another verb after it instead of a noun, the syntax will change into: second verb in future tense + nequi. And for the three persons of the plural, we will add the H at the end of “nequi”. The outcome is written as one single word. Examples:
Nitlacuaznequi (tlacua + nequi) = I want to eat (something)
Titlacuaznequih = we want to eat (something)
Chocaznequi = he wants to cry
Ancochiznequih = you people want to sleep
Chocaznequih = they want to cry
Nowadays, some people respect this syntax, which is the one Aztecs used in Classical Nahuatl, but some others changed it into something a bit closer to Spanish: “nicnequi nitlacuaz” = I want to eat something (lit. “I want I will eat something”). Students are usually encouraged to keep using the first option.
ARTICLE “IN”
We already saw this word that can be used as an article, no matter if it is for a noun in singular or in plural, and sometimes, in poetry for example, it is even used a bit randomly to fill some spaces and make it all sound better. Well, sometimes we are going to find nouns (e.g. in the dictionary) that have an “in” ending instead of one of the regular endings (tl, tli, li). These are not completely irregular nouns. What happens is that sometimes, nouns ending with “tli” and “li” can use the “in” article before the word or as an ending (and then their usual ending disappears). And some words just happened to historically keep that article at the end of the word. For example:
Quimichtli = mouse.
In quimichtli / quimichin = the mouse (nowadays “quimichin” is more often used for “mouse”)
Michtli = fish
In michtli / michin = the fish (nowadays “michin” is more often used for “fish”)
And so on, with words like:
Olli / Olin = movement
Chapulli / Chapulin = grasshopper
VOCABULARY
Ahcihualoyan = station (bus, train, etc.)
Amoxnamacoyan = library
Ana = to take
Caltzalantli = street
Cauhpohualli = clock, watch (also “Tonalmachiotl” in some places)
Cohua = to buy
Cui = to grab
Cuicatl = chant, song
Huehuetl = drum
Huilotl = dove
Icnopilli = orphan
Ipan = on
Namaca = to sell
Nepacopa = on the other side (also “Nepa ohtli”)
Otonxocotl = orange (fruit) (and also “Ayoxocotl” in some places)
Patio = expensive
Temoa = to search
Tlamatini = wise man, sage
Tlen = that (for relative clauses)
Xochitlan = garden
Yancuic = new
Yaoyotl = war
LESSON 15
Hi, welcome to Lesson number 15 :D . This lesson is about vocabulary, vocabulary, and more vocabulary. I tried to give it some sort of order.
NOUNS
Tzacualli = (Pre-Hispanic) pyramid
Tetlaniliztli = question
Atoyatl = river
Tlecehuiani = fireman
Ahuiyaliztli = smell
Huelicayotl = flavor
Macehualli = plebeian, the people
Macehualtlahtolli = colloquial language
Calani = “knock” sound, as a door, or a metal hitting with something
Chachalaca(ni) = chatterbox, somebody who can’t stop talking, to the point of being annoying
Tianquiztli/ tianquizco = market
Omitl = bone
Calchihuani = builder
Teyaotlani/ teyaochihuani = warrior
ADJECTIVES
Ohuitic = difficult
Amo ohuitic = easy (lit. “not difficult”)
Ahuiyac = aromatic
Huelic = delicious
Ihyac = stinky
Tzopelic = sweet
Chichic = bitter
Xococ = sour
Iztayo = salty (also said “poyec” in some regions)
Cococ = spicy, hot
(Tla)cuechahuac =humid/damp/moist
VERBS
Tlatlauhtia = to beg
Tempohua/ tenehua = to pronounce, to spell
Chia = to wait
Cehuia = turn off/ put out
Tlaocoya = to be sad (tlaocoyaliztli = sadness)
Tlatzihui = to feel lazy
Yolcocoa = to be distressed (with possessive prefix: noyolcocoa = I feel distressed)
Tequipachoa = to worry (reflexive verb)
Yolnonotza = to think about something, to consider (reflexive verb)
Motlaloa = to run (also “to hurry”)
Tlatlachia = to wake up
Tlatotonia = tona (see Lesson 11)
Cotaloa = to snore
Cuacualaqui = to boil
ADVERBS & OTHER GRAMMATIC ELEMENTS
In campa = where…
Tlehca = why?
Cenca = very
Cualli = to be allowed (literally “good”. “Cualli tiyazqueh moztla? = Can we go tomorrow?”)
Ocpa = double (twice)
Nican = here
Ompa = there
Huehca = far away
Amo huehca / nahuac = close (to)
Ihtic = inside
Tlacpac/acopa = up, above
Tzintlan/tlani = down
Itlac/itloc = next to
Nochipa/mochipa = always
Aic = never
Queman = when?
EXPRESSIONS & PHRASES
Huel miac nitlazohcamati = Thank you very much (I am very grateful)
Cencualli monemilitzin = you are so kind (expression literally meaning “your honorable life is precious”)
Tlen huelicayotl ticnequi? = what flavor do you want?
Amo cehua amo tona = it’s not cold, nor hot (it’s a nice weather)
LESSON 16
Hello there, welcome to lesson number 16 8-) . We have already seen transitive verbs, and along with them, we saw the object particle for the third person (him/her/it) C/QUI, and the object particles for “(to) people” TE, and “(to) things” TLA (Lessons 8 & 9). Well, now we are going to learn the (direct/indirect) object particles for the rest of the personal pronouns. Here they are:
OBJECT PARTICLES
Nehuatl – Nech = (to) me
Tehuatl – Mitz = (to) you
Yehuatl – C/qui = (to) him/her/it
Tehuan – Tech = (to) us
Anmehuan – Anmech = (to) you (plural)
Yehuan – Quin = (to) them
So, if you remember what we saw before, “I eat this meat” would be “(Nehuatl) niccua inin nacatl”, right? With the C between the conjugation pronoun and the verb indicating “it”, in this case. So literally “I eat it, this meat”. Well, the other object particles we just saw are used like that too. Let’s see some examples:
Nimitzmaca (Ni + mitz + maca) = I give you…
Antechmacah inin xochicualli = You (people) give us this fruit
Quinmacaz inon mecanonotzalli = he will give them that phone
Tinechtlazohtla? = do you love me?
Amini oquimictili in mazatl = the hunter killed the deer
DIMINUTIVE
Let’s see the diminutive ending, equivalent to “ito/ita” endings in Spanish, or… “little…” in English maybe? The ending is: TON/ TOTON.
That’s where Mizton (cat) comes from. Because Miztli means puma, mountain lion. But “little puma” would be the domestic cat: Mizton or miztontli.
VOCABULARY
Ami = to hunt
Amini = hunter
Tlatquehua/ tlatquitlacatl = rich (person)
Pilhuilia = to increase
Pactia = to be pleasant (used with the object particles it means “to like”: nechpactia = I like it, or literally “it is pleasant to me”)
Tlacuatzin = opossum
Tepemaxtla/ Tlahcomiztli = cacomistle (a rare Mexican animal)
Epatl = skunk
Pitzotl = pig
Cuanacatl = hen
Cuacuahue = cow
Cuacuauhtentzone/ cuacuauhtentzotl = goat
Centzontli = mockingbird (the bird with the 400 voices)
Tepemiztli = bobcat
Cozamatl = weasel
Ocelotl = jaguar, ocelot
Aocmo = not anymore (also “not yet”, but “ayemo” is more often used for that)
Ayemo = not yet
Amo zanye/zaniyo = not only
Zazan = too much
(Za)zan nen = in vain
Possessive pronoun + Cel = alone (mocel = you alone, icel = he or she alone, etc.) The word “zan” is often used before saying this, to give it strength: zan nocel = only me, alone. It can be pluralized: zan toceltin = we alone
Possessive pronoun + Cepan = together (tocepan tiyazqueh = we are going together)
Ihuan = together (ihuan cateh = they are together)
Ayi = to do
Chihua = to make
Tlen tayi? / tlen ticchihua? = what are you doing?
Tlehca? / tlen inin? = why?
Tlen ipampa? = for what reason?
In tlen = what… (in tlen ticchihua, amo cualli = what you are doing is not good)
PHRASES
Amo yehuan, amoniquinixmati = It’s not them, I don’t know them
Amo zanye inin, noihqui inon = Not only this, but that as well
Amo zan icel iyaz = He won’t go alone
Amo ihuan ohualaqueh = They didn’t come together
Tlen ipampa tichoca, tinocneuh David? = Why (for what reason) are you crying, my friend David?
In tlen ticchihua, amo nechpactia = I don’t like what you are doing
LESSON 17
Hi, welcome to Lesson number 17. In previous lessons, we learnt the irregular verb CA, which would be the equivalent to Spanish verb “estar”, in English it can be the verb “to be” but not always, because Nahuatl actually doesn’t have a verb “to be”. Let’s see the present, past and future tenses of this very irregular verb:
CA (Present tense)
Nica
Tica
Ca
Ticateh
Ancateh
Cateh
CA (Past tense)
Onicatca
Oticatca
Ocatca
Oticatcah
Oancatcah
Ocatcah
CA (Future tense)
Niyez
Tiyez
Yez
Tiyezqueh
Anyezqueh
Yezqueh
Yalhua onicatca ompa = I was there yesterday
Yez cenca quetzalli = It will be very beautiful
Campa ca in axixcalco? = where is the bathroom?
POSSESSION (Axcaitl)
In Lesson 6 we saw the possessive pronouns. Those are used to say: my, your, his/her/its, our, your (plural) and their. Well, if you add “axca” (or “huaxca” in some regions) to those possessive pronouns, you get the following:
Noaxca = mine
Moaxca = yours
Iaxca = his/hers
Toaxca = ours
Anmoaxca = yours (plural)
Inaxca = theirs
Inin noteconalli = this is my pencil
Inin teconalli noaxca = this pencil is mine
Very easy, isn’t it? :P
VOCABULARY
Miac/ miec = a lot
Miactin = lots of
Tepitzin/ tziquitzin = a bit
Quezquin/ quexqui = how many/much?
Ipati = to cost
Quexqui ipati? = how much does it cost?
Amitla = nothing
Achi = more
Achi cualli = better
Tetepitzin = less
Achtopan = first
Zatepan = then, later, after (that)
Nelli / Melahuac = true, truly
Neliliztli = truth
Noihqui = too, also, as well
Aic = never
Cuix / coch = is it that…? (Cuix ma omomiquili in motahtzin? = is it that your father died?)
Hueliz = perhaps, maybe
COUNTRIES, PEOPLE & LANGUAGES
We already know that Mexicatl means Mexican and Caxtiltecatl means Spaniard. Let’s see some other countries and the name for the people living there. Aztecs or Mexicas obviously didn’t know about France, Japan, etc., at least not before old Spaniards came to invade. Most of these names, if not all, were taken from Spanish in one way or another. There is more than one variant, and there is no official way to call all these countries, but little by little everything seems to be standardizing. I will give you the name of some countries, their inhabitants, and their languages. I compared 2 dictionaries, Wikipedia, and sometimes my teacher’s version. This is the result 8-) :
Mexihco = Mexico / Mexicatl = Mexican / Nahuatlahtolli = Nahuatl, Mayatlahtolli = Mayan, etc :P
Caxtillan = Spain / Caxtiltecatl = Spaniard / Caxtiltlahtolli = Spanish language
Inglatlalpan = England / Inglatlaltecatl = English (person) / Inglatlahtolli = English language
Teutontlan or Alemantlan = Germany / Teutontecatl or alemantecatl = German / Teutontlahtolli or Alemantlahtolli = German language
Francia = France / Francitecatl = French/ Francitlahtolli = French language
Portocallan = Portugal / Portocaltecatl = Portuguese / Portocaltlahtolli
Itallan = Italy / Italtecatl = Italian / Italtlahtolli = Italian language
Hollanda = Holland / Hollantecatl = Dutchman / Hollantlahtolli = Dutch
Helenoyan = Greece / Hellenotecatl = Greek / Helenotlahtolli = Greek language
Rusia or Rusitlalpan = Russia / Rusitlaltecatl = Russian / Rusitlahtolli = Russian language
Iran = Iran / Irantecatl = Iranian / Persiatlahtolli = Farsi
Exipto = Egypt / Exiptecatl = Egyptian / Arabitlahtolli = Arabic
India = India / Inditecatl = Indian / Inditlahtolli = Hindi (etc., I know :P)
Xapon = Japan / Xapotecatl = Japanese / Xapotlahtolli or Nipontlahtolli = Japanese language
Corea Huitztlampa = South Korea / Coreatecatl = Korean / Coreatlahtolli = Korean language
LET'S SEE A SMALL TEXT :D
First some vocabulary:
tamazolli = toad
azcatl = ant
tzicatl = ant (a special one, big and poisonous)
tlehco = to get up/on
olinia = to move
piloa = to hang (as a reflexive verb it means "to hold")
ihtoa = to say (as in "mihtoa" which we already saw)
mini = to sting/bite
tzicuini = to jump
Tamazolli ihuan in Tzicatl
Cente tamazolli ocochiya.
Ohualah cente tzicatl ihuan ipan otlehcoc.
In tamazolli omolinih ihuan in tzicatl omopiloh.
In tamazolli oquihto: "tlehca tinechmini?"
In tzicatl oquinanquilih: "nozo amo xitzicuini!"
The Toad and the Ant
A toad was sleeping.
An ant came and got on him.
The toad moved and the ant held on to him.
The toad said: "why do you bite me?"
The ant answered back: "don't jump then!"
ESSON 18
Niltze! Welcome to Lesson number 18 :D . This time we are going to see the imperative form, how to express need and capacity, and a few phrases, but first some vocabulary.
VOCABULARY
Itechpa = about (talk about, think about, etc.)
Tzompilli / tzompilahui = a cold/ the flu
Tlamachtilcalli/tlamachtilcalco/tlamachtiloyan = school
Nahuatia = to let know, to notify
Techia = to wait for someone
Choloa = to flee, to escape
Ihiyotia / ihiyoana = to breath
Tahtaca = to scratch (becomes reflexive when the person scratches him/herself)
Papachoa = to pamper, to aid (this is where the Spanish verb apapachar comes from)
Iciuhcac = fast, quickly
Xinechtlapopolhui = I’m sorry, excuse me
Canah = somewhere, some place(s)
Canah quiahui canah amo quiahui = in some places it rains in some others it doesn’t
(Mo)teca = to lay down (reflexive)
Cuica = to sing
Mihtotia = to dance
(Mo)tlalia = to sit down (reflexive)
Yece / Auh = but
Mama = to carry
Coni = to drink
Tzahtzi / tzahtzilia = to shout, to scream
Tlahuelcui / cualania = to get mad, to get angry
Tilmatlahuatzaloni = towel
Tepoztlecuilli = stove
Nenemilia = to think
Nenemi = to walk
(Mo)centlalia = to meet, to gather (reflexive)
Namaca = to sell
Moquetza = to stand up
Tilana = to pull
Mayana = to be hungry
Polihui = to be missing
Amo tla = nothing (like “Amitla”, but this one is used more often with verbs: amo tla polihui – “nothing’s missing”).
Huetzca = to laugh
Zan quezqui = just a few
Mehua = to get up
NEED / HAVE TO & CAN / CAN’T
MONEQUI literally means “It is wanted (that)”, and that’s the verb we use to express a need. The verb next to it should be in the future tense. We will conjugate the verb that follows MONEQUI. Examples:
Monequi niyaz = I have to go
Monequi ticholoz = you have to escape
Monequi anquicuaz = you guys have to eat it
Amo monequi nitequitiz = I don’t have to work
HUEL / HUELI / HUELITI is the verb for “to be able to”. Its usage is similar to that of MONEQUI, but the second verb doesn’t have to be in the future tense. And the negative form can be AMO HUEL(I) or AHUEL. Examples:
Huel nicchihuaz = I’ll be able to do it
Ahuel nicochi = I can’t sleep
Note: HUEL can also mean “very”, as in “tlazohcamati huel miac” = thank you very much.
IMPERATIVE
In Nahuatl all 6 persons have an imperative form. For the first and third persons in both singular and plural (I, he, we, and they), we add the particle MA before the conjugation pronoun, some verbs lose their ending, and in the plural we add the suffix CAN. Examples (Tlayeyecolli):
I (For the first person, we can translate it as “let’s” or simply “do it!”, when you talk to yourself)
Ma nicochi = let’s sleep (Me and myself :P)
Ma nitequiti = let’s work
Ma ninalti = let’s take a bath
Ma nitenahuati = let’s notify...
Ma nitechia = let’s wait (for them, for people)
Ma ninocehui = let’s rest
Ma nicholo = let’s escape
Ma nihiyoti = let’s breath
HE / SHE (for the third person, we can translate it as “may he/she…”)
Ma tlacua = may he eat
Ma moteca = may he lay down
Ma momachti = may he study
Ma cuica = may he sing
Ma mihtoti = may he dance
Ma motlali = may he sit
WE (For the first person in plural, we can translate it as “let’s”)
Ma titlacuacan = let’s eat
Ma tihuiyacan = let’s go (irregular)
Ma titlamamacan = let’s carry
Ma ticonican = let’s drink
THEY (For the thrid person in plural, we can translate it as “may they…”)
Ma tepahtican = may they heal (people)
Ma tzahtzican = may they scream
For the second person in both singular and plural, we are going to add a “XI” prefix to the verb, while the conjugation pronoun disappears. The plural still has the “CAN” suffix. Examples:
YOU (singular)
Xitlachia = look!
Xicpohua = count it!
Xitlacuilo = write!
Xiccaqui = listen to it!
Xinechmaca = give me!
YOU (plural)
Ximocentlalican = get together!, gather!
Ximoquetzacan = stand up!
Ximotilanacan = pull!
Now, there are two suffixes that we can use in the imperative form to indicate direction: TI and QUI. The TI suffix means “go to”, and the suffix QUI means “come to”.
Examples:
Xitlacuati = go eat something!
Xitlacuaqui = come to eat something!
Xicochiti = go to sleep!
Xicochiqui = come to sleep!
Xitequititi = go to work!
PHRASES
Ichpocatl, ticmati nahuatlahtolli? = Young man, do you know Nahuatl?
Quema, zan tepitzin = Yes, a little bit
Amo huel cualli = Not very good
Cualli nictencaqui, yece ahueli nictenehua = I understand well, but I can’t pronounce it
Cualli nicamapohua = I read it well
Zan quezqui tlahtoltin nicmati = I only know a few words
Amo nictencaqui = I don’t understand it
Amo tla nicmati = I don’t know anything
Monequi ninomachtiz = I have to study
Ahueli nictenehua, ohuitic = I can’t pronounce it, it’s hard
Tlen otiquihto? = What did you say?
Tinechtencaqui? = Do you understand me?
Quema, nochi nictencaqui = Yes, I understand it all
Tehuatl titlahtoa iciuhca = You speak fast
Yolic xitlahto, nimitztlatlauhtia = Speak slowly, I beg you
Xinechtlapopolhui, amo nitencaqui = Excuse me, I don’t understand you
Quen tica Xochitl? = How are you, Xochitl?
Cualli, tlazohcamati = I’m doing well, thank you
Campa tiyauh? = Where are you going?
Niyauh ichan María = I’m going to Maria’s house (I’m going to her house María)
Axcan chicome tiyaz Chiconcuac? = Are you going to Chiconcuac next week?
Amo, nehuatl niyaz Xochimilco = No, I’ll go to Xochimilco
LESSON 19
Hi people, welcome to lesson number 19 8-) . This time we will see some more vocabulary, the words to express “with (someone)”, the most common suffixes for place names, and a few phrases and conversations.
VOCABULARY
Zazanilli = tale, story
Tlanmetl/ tlancochtli = molar, back tooth
Teyollopahtiani = cardiologist
Tlacayomatini/ tenemilizmatini = anthropologist
Pahnamacani = pharmacist
Tlapalteconalli = crayon
Tlazohtzin = girlfriend/ boyfriend/ lover (literally “little love”)
Huipanatlahtolli = phrase
Momoztla = every day, daily
Xi(nech)chia tepitzin = wait (me for) a second
Ma cualli ohtli = good luck, have a nice day/time/trip (lit. “May (you have) a good path”)
Tepacholiztli = government
Hueyi tlamachtiloyan = university
Momachtiani = student
Amoxpohualiztli = reading
In aquin = the one who…
In campa = where…
Pilli = kid, son, daughter, child
Namictli = husband
Teyaochihuani / yaochiuhqui = soldier
Paccanemi = to live happy
Icihui = to hurry up (reflexive)
WITH
A word that is generally equivalent to English “with”, would be “ica”, as in “Ica paquiliztli” (with pleasure). But when we talk about people we don’t usually say “ica”. For this we are going to use the word TLOC (TLOCTZINCO in its reverential form). Sometimes it can also be understood as “next to” or “near”. To use it, we have to add the possessive pronouns are prefixes:
Notloc = with me/ next to me/ near me
Motloc = with you/ next to you/ near you
Itloc = with him, her, it/ next to him, her, it/ near him, her, it
Totloc = with us / next to us/ near us
Anmotloc = with you (plural)/ next to you (plural)/ near you (plural)
Intloc = with them/ next to them/ near them
Here we have some examples:
Aquin mocehuitica itloc Miguel? = Who is sitting with/next to Miguel? (Lit. “with him, Miguel”)
Timihtotiznequi notloc? = Do you want to dance with me?
CONVERSATIONS
Tlen, Aurora in aquin tlahtoa itloc tepahtiani? = What, is it Aurora who’s talking with the doctor?
Melahuac, yehuatl tlahtotica itloc teyollopahtiani = It’s true (right), she is talking with the cardiologist.
Aurora momachtia in hueyi tlamachtiloyan? = Does Aurora study at the university?
Amo, yehuatl temachtiani, tequiti in Amatlan, ihuan no(ihqui) ompa chanti. = No, she is a teacher, she works in Amatlan, and she also lives there.
Tiquixmati Amatlan? = Do you know Amatlan?
Amatlan, in campa chanti Aurora, cencualtzin = Amatlan is where Aurora lives, it’s very beautiful.
Yehuatl paccanemi intloc impilhuan (in-pilhuan) ihuan inamic. = She lives happily with her kids and her husband.
Inamic itoca David. David yaochiuhqui. = Her husband’s name is David. David is a soldier.
Quimpiah yei ipilhuan. Intelpoch Andrés tequiti in amatitlaloyan, Memo temachtiani, ihuan Citlalli tequiti ompa cocoxcacalco. = They have three children. Their son ( young guy) Andrés works at the post office, Memo is a teacher, and Citlalli works in the hospital.
ESSON 20
Hello there :) Long time no see. I suddenly decided to add a new lesson here about the human body, yeah vocabulary. So, here it is:
Nacayotl = body
Cuaitl / tzontecomatl = head
Cuayollotl = brain
Ixtli = face
Quechtli = neck
Acolli = shoulder
Matzopaztli = arm
Molictli / matepopolli = elbow
Maquechtli = wrist
Mahpalli = palm
Mahpilli = finger
Iztitl = fingernail
Yelpantli = chest
Omicicuilli / cecehcuilli = rib
Cuitlapantli = back
Cuitlapanxilotl = column
Pitzahuayan = waist
Chichihualli = breast
Chichihualyacatl = nipple
Chichihualayotl = milk
Tzontli = hair
Nacaztli = ear
Ixcuaitl = forhead
Ixtzontli = eyelash
Ixtelohtli / ixtelolohtli = eye
Ixayotl = tear
Yacatl = nose
Ixteliuhcatl = cheek
Tentli = lip
Camactli = mouth
Tlantli = tooth
Tlancochtli = back tooth, molar
Nenepilli = tongue
Camachalli / tenchalli = chin
Tozcatecuacuilli = uvula
Maitl = hand
Ihtitl = belly
Tzintli = butt
Tzintamalli = buttcheek
Tepolli = penis
Ahuacatl = testicle
Xipintli = foreskin
Tepulayotl = semen
Tepolcuaxipeuhcatl = glans
Tepilli = vagina
Tepiltenxipalli = vulval lip
Tepilcuaxicalli = uterus, womb
Maxatli = thigh
Metztli = leg
Tlancuaitl / tetepontli = knee
Coztli = calf
Icxitl = foot
Xopilli = toe
Xocpalli = sole
China = China / Chinatecatl = Chinese / Chinatlahtolli = Chinese language
Africa Huitztlampa = South Africa / Africa Huitztlampanecatl = South African / Africaantlahtolli = Afrikaans (etc.)
Arxentitlan = Argentina / Arxentitecatl = Argentinian
Canauhtlan = Canada / Canauhtecatl = Canadian
Brasillan = Brazil / Brasiltecatl = Brazilian
Irac = Iraq / Iractecatl = Iraqi
Corea Mictlampa = North Korea
Australlan = Australia / Australtecatl = Australian
Yancuic Zetlalpan = New Zealand / Yancui
